Internet Infrastructure

Today we are learning about Internet Infrastructure.


Hierarchy Of Networks
-from a single computer to LAN.
-from LAN to ISP.
-from ISP to www.


There are a few things that needed in order to connect to internet. The things are:
-computer
-web browser
-Internet access


However,policy and procedure to bring to internet is complicated.


Internet Protocol
-is the internet standard protocol that provides a common layer over dissimilar network.
-to more packet among 'host', computer through gateways.
-every computer assign unique IP address.
IP address consist of 32 bits, also equal to 4 octets of number from 0-225, represent in decimal form instead if binary.
-IP address consist of 2 part:

1. Identifying network.
2. Identifying the node/host.

-class of address determined which part belongs to network and             which part belongs to node.

-all node on a given network share the same network pretix but must have a unique host number.

DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS)

-internet service that translate domains name like www.yahoo.com into numerical IP address like 204.62.131.129.

INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER(ISP)

- an organization that provides access to the Internet. 

-  can be either community-owned and non-profit, or privately owned and for-profit.

               

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure 

(HTTP)

-combination of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) with 

the SSL/TLS protocol.

-It provides encrypted communication to prevent 

 eavesdropping and to securely identify the web server with     

 which you are actually communicating 

                    \




                        




-it can protect against eavesdropping and tampering with the contents of the site or with the information you send to the site.

-makes it possible to know whether you are talking to the right server and protects from passive and active network attacks

Week 11
  Today Dr. Dayang seem like a bit upset because last week we didn't attend her class due to our course activity at Pulau Tioman and she had no been inform about that. and we are very sorry about that and for sure there will be no more next time.
   Today we are learning about



Terrestrial Microwave
                       
                                     

-required line of sight transmission and reception equipment.
-the taller the atennas,the longer the sight distance.
-there are the TOWERS on the hills ad mountains.
-signal transmmit one way direction at one time.
-to increase the distance, a system ( repeater ) can be installed with antenna.

Sattlite

-same principle as terrestrial microwave.

-acting as a super tall antenna and repeater.

-single bound.

-capability =any location on earth no matter low remote.

-high quality communication without requiring a huge investment in ground based infrastructure.

-same speed as the earth.

-geosynchronous satellite=orbit speed is based on distance from planet.

-minimum 3 satelite to provide full global transmission.

-transmission from earth to satellite= Uplink

-transsmission from satellite to earth-downlink

Radio Frequency

-Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the use of a wireless non-contact system that uses radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data from a tag attached to an object, for the purposes of automatic identification and tracking. Some tags require no battery and are powered by the electromagnetic fields used to read them. Others use a local power source and emit radio waves (electromagnetic radiation at radio frequencies). The tag contains electronically stored information which can be read from up to several metres (yards) away. Unlike a bar code, the tag does not need to be within line of sight of the reader and may be embedded in the tracked object.

RFID tags are used in many industries. An RFID tag attached to an automobile during production can be used to track its progress through the assembly line. Pharmaceuticals can be tracked through warehouses. Livestock and pets may have tags injected, allowing positive identification of the animal. RFID identity cards can give employees access to locked areas of a building, and RF transponders mounted in automobiles can be used to bill motorists for access to toll roads or parking.

                                        

Cellular Phone

                                             
         

T

How Cell Phones Work They say that the era of communication technology has provided one of the major catalysts in developing a modern human society. Let us take a look at one of the most prominent communication devices, the mobile phone. When Alexander Graham Bell developed the first telephone in the latter part of the 19th century, the industrial revolution suddenly changed as more and more people became interconnected to one another thus fueling business transactions. The same era also gave birth to the radio which was initially presented by the Italian Guglielmo Marconi out of the initial works of Nikolai Tesla. It seems to be the perfect combination of discoveries and invention, but the two devices were not actually combined into a single more powerful device up to the early 1950’s when the development of a cellular or mobile phone started. Today, cellular phones are simply the most common telecom device around the world. Basically, it provides both the basic features of the telephone and a radio in providing the best communication service yet. Let us talk about how this device works. My Phone is a Radio? Basically, the mobile phone is a radio. It relies on a radio signal in order to transmit and receive voice and data information. Previously, the radio device can only receive a signal from a commercial station making it a one way communication apparatus. However, by integrating the principles behind Bell’s telephone, the simple radio became a communication device which can also serve as a small transmitter thus giving it the capability to become a mobile phone. VoIP SIP SDK www.vaxvoip.com Develop Web/App Phone & Server/PBX For Desktop OS & Mobile-Phones Ads by Google Mobile phones are small radios imbedded with mini transmitters. This means that it actually transmits radio signals when powered on. This is a very important component because it readily gives up your electronic radio location so that calls can be diverted to you or make them. So how am I able to talk with my friend using a cell phone? One crucial part in the mobile phone communication is the establishment of relay centers called “base stations”. These stations are actually smaller versions of transmitter towers that you will see around the neighborhood in almost any places. The base station serves as the electronic bridge between two mobile phones. The principle is basically simple, because your mobile phone transmits a certain amount of radio signal, whatever base station nearest to you will capture its presence. Therefore, this gives you an “always online” mode ready to receive calls and texts. When another mobile phone user wants to contact you, his mobile phone will transmit a signal to the nearest base station in his location. This base station will then transmit to a series of telecom relay equipments such as channel towers or satellites until it reaches your local base station wherever you are. The same procedure goes when you are the one to call out to another number. So how are base stations able to locate me? Won’t these stations become confused considering that there must be millions of cell site towers out there? Actually, when you dial a particular number, the base station will automatically identify that number and assign an encrypted code on its transmission. Therefore, when the stations send out transmissions, it will only be transmitted to the shortest possible relays that will connect to the exact number you have dialed. I presume that base stations also have a limited range of transmission, so what if I suddenly change locations? Actually, the term cellular phone is derived from the “cell” principle of radio transmission. Each base station provides a single “cell” or radio signal span radius. Combining all of these signals in a location makes it appear as cellular compartments. Therefore, when you change your location, you go out of a single cell and enter a new one. With each change in locality, the base station nearest to you will provide you a signal. In some cases, you may arrive at a location when no signal from any base stations is present; this is called a “dead spot”. For more information about cell phones, read about the disadvantages of cell phone tracking. Cellular Radio Signal Diagram

weeks 10(CABLING)

1. LAN Techonology Cabling :

    a) Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device to another.

    b) Several types of cable are commonly used with LANs.

    c) In some cases,a network will utilize only one type of cable, other networks will use a variety of cable    types.

2. Types of Cables :

   

    Unshielded Twiested Pair (UTP) cable 

    Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cable

    Coaxial Cable

    Fiber Optic Cable

    Wireless LANs

3. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable

- Four pairs of wires inside the jacket

- each pair is twisted

- help tp eliminate interfereance from adjacent pairs and other electrical devices

4. Category 1 : Voice 9wayar Telefon)

    Category 2 : Data to 4 Mbps (Local Talk)

    Category 3 : Data to 10 Mbps (Ethernet)

    Category 4 : Data to 20 Mbps (16 Mbps Token Ring)

    Catogory 5 : Data to 100 mbps (Fast Ethernet)

5. The standard connector for unshielded twisted pair cabling is an RJ-45 connector

6. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cable

- is a type of cable wrapped in a foil shielding

- to help provide a more reliable data communication

- using TOKEN RING topology

7. Coaxial cable

- a single copper conductor at its center

- a plastic layer provides insulation

- the metal shield helps to block interference

- Bayone-Neill-Concelman (BNC) connector

- T-connector, barrer connector, terminator

8. Fibre Optics

- consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers

- transmit light rather than electronic signals

- eliminate the problem of electrical interference

- transmit signals over much longer distances than coaxial and twisted pair

9. Wireless LANS

10. 10BaseT : Unshielded Twisted Pair : 100 meters

    10Base2 : Thin Coaxial : 185 meters

    10Base5 : Thick Coaxial : 500 meters

    10BaseF : Fiber Optic : 2000 meters

11. Linear Bus : Coax, twisted pair, Fiber : Ethernet, Local talk

      Star : Twisted pair, fiber : Ethernet, Local talk

      Star-wired Ring : Twisted pair : Token ring

      Tree : Coax, twisted pair, fiber ; ethernet

Week 5 Introduction To Networking

Computer Network
-connecting to a computer with other computers or other devices to enables them to communicate together with each other.
-it can be : 1. devices equipment
                 2. transmission media to send/control data/signals
                 3.communication devices to transmit/send data from source to destination
-In the world of computer, NETWORKING is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of SHARING DATA.

Types Of Network
-Local -Area Networks(LAN)
-Wide-Area Networks(WAN)
-Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)
-Personal Area Network(PAN)



Network Component

                                

Network are categories into 3 properties:

*Topology--->geometric arrangement of the network

*Protocol--->common set of rules and signals    

*Architecture---> Peer -to- peer, and client/server

Topology 

4 main types of network structure are :

1. Bus Network Structure

2.Star Network Structure

3Ring Network Structure

4.Hybrid Network Structure

Protocol

1.Ethernet Protocol(most common used today!!!!!)

2.Token Ring Protocol

3.Local Talk Protocol

4.Fiber Distributed Data Interface(FDDI)

5.Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)

Architecture

Two major types of network architecture :

*Peer-to-peer

*Client/server

Transmission Media:

Bounded Media--->got cables, for example:twisted pair wire,co-axial cable,fiber optic cables

Unbounded Media--->air or vacuum, for example: AM and FM radio,TV broadcasting,satellite communication, microwave radio, Infrared signals

AM RADIO

"AM Radio" is a rock song by the band Everclear. The song was recorded circa 2000 for Everclear's fourth album Songs from an American Movie, Vol. 1: Learning How to Smile So. The song was released as the second single from Everclear's album Songs from an American Movie, Vol. 1: Learning How to Smile. It spent 10 weeks on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, and reached #101. The "AM Radio" single was mistaken by many to be the first single from Everclear's fifth album, Songs from an American Movie, Vol. 2: Good Time for a Bad Attitude because the song was released so soon before Everclear's fifth album's release. The song was later used in a television commercial for General Motors in early 2006. 

FM RADIO

FM broadcasting is a broadcasting technology pioneered by Edwin Howard Armstrong which uses frequency modulation (FM) to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio. The term "FM band" describes the "frequency band in which FM is used for broadcasting". This term is slightly misleading, since it equates a modulation method with a range of frequencies. 

Weeks 4: 
  DATA COMMUNICATION
   -to define data communication terminology
   -to detail the type of signal transmit through communication medium
   -describe data transmission mode
   -how network performance work


Communication
-Definition: collection and contribution of the electronic representation of information FROM and TO remote facilities by means of electrical transmission system such as telephone line,satelites or coaxial cable.
-there are two types of signals, analog signal and digital signal:

-frequency is a number of complete wave cycles. It is measured in Hertz(Hz) which is cycle per second.

-Amplitude is the wave height measures in Volt(V) or decible(dB). A strong signal will create higher   amplitude.

-Analogue signal is transmit through PSTN line known commonly as phone line.

-process changing ANALOGUE to DIGITAL =Modulation 

-process changing DIGITAL to ANALOGUE = Demodulation

-hardware used in computer to do this process is called MoDem

Data Transmission Mode

Parallel transmission

   -a group of bits is transmitted simultaneously by using a separate line for each bit.

Serial transmission

   -transmit all the bits one after another on a single line. This style is a bit slower compare to parallel

   -2 types of serial transmission mode:  # synchronous transmission 

                                                            # asynchronous transmission

Simplex

-data transmitted one direction only

-role of transmitted and receiver are fixed

-example: radio, video, tv

Half Duplex

-message can follow in 2 direction but NEVER at same time.

-one station transmit to another without interruption 

-other respon after transmission been complete.

-example: walkie- talkie.

Full Duplex

-both station can transmit and receive simultaneously 

-consists of 2 simplex channel

-phone call

Multiplexig

-a set of techniques that enable more than 1 device to combine and send their signals simultaneously through a single data links at the same time.

-network can transfer several different types of data : voice, video

-latest technology of LINKS=high - bandwidth media, coxial cable,optical fiber,satellite microwaves.

-each of these LINKS has a carrying CAPACITY. 

Week 1: Finally,I start my conversation at my blog. Want write about what ? Erm, lets talks about telecommunication. Telecommunication refer to communication over long distance, covers all forms of distance and conversion of the original communication, including radio, telegraphy, television,telephony,data communication and computer networking. It can also be defined as the process of transmitting or receiving information over a distance by any electrical or electromagnetic medium. The information may take the form of voice, video, or data.   

   Actually i still don"t know what was this subject about. But the first class seems like fun, and i hope my classmate and lecturer can help me to understand better in this subject^^

Web Browser

Week 3.

    Hey hey hey..haha...this week i know better what is telecommunication and networking. And this week we are learning about web browser. A web browser is :

     -software application that enables a user to display and interact with text, images,and other              information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web or a local area network.

    -software that displays web pages.

    -software that gives users a access to the World Wide Web.

Although browser are  primarily intended to access the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems . The major web browsers are Firefox, Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Opera, and Safari.

   And below chart show the percentage of people use the web browser in 2011.

Nak bincang ape ya????